In this article, we will examine the migration background in Belgium City and analyse how its spatial duality has changed over the past century. Using the method of spatial proximity, we will compare the density of migrants in different neighbourhoods. The resulting spatial density maps reveal that Belgium's cities have experienced strong ethnic clustering, particularly among non-European migrants. Concentrations of migrants range from near-absence to more than half the population at the lowest scale to almost a quarter in the highest. European migrants, too, have concentrated in neighbourhoods. Three cities, however, show lower values.
The most common religious practice in Belgium is Catholicism. However, the government financially supports Protestant, Jewish, and Muslim faiths. The Catholic Church controls two of the country's main universities and an important network of schools. Although religious practices in Belgium have declined in the twentieth century, about 65 percent of people still believe in God, and many do participate in religious rituals to commemorate major events. Minor religions include Jews, Protestants, and Muslims.
Ethnic segregation and socioeconomic segregation are widespread in Belgium's inner cities. Although these two trends may seem unrelated, they are often interrelated. This paper examines the relationship between socioeconomic and ethnic segregation in Belgium and the role of scale in examining the relationship between them. Geographic and spatial distance data were used to construct individualised neighbourhoods on nine different scales. Then, using a nearest-neighbours approach, we analyzed the spatial segregation of different neighbourhoods in urban agglomerations in Brussels, including Brussels, Ghent, and Liege.